“Is There a Duty to Die” by John Hardwig Essay

â€Å"Is There a Duty to Die† and â€Å"A Duty to Care Revisited† debate over one’s duty to others when a life becomes burdensome to others. Who is more morally obligated, the caregivers or the sick and elderly? Cohn and Lynn argue that we are morally obligated to care for the dying and allow them to take their time, while Hardwig believes that the dying have an obligation to die rather than burden their loved ones. I believe that a moderate approach should be taken to the issue. I agree with Hardwig that it should be a mutual decision between the dying and their family, but I do not believe that there may ever be a situation where a person is morally obligated to die. The right to life trumps everything, however there may be circumstances when it may be more moral to die rather than burden caregivers and loved ones. John Hardwig believes that â€Å"there is a duty to refuse life-prolonging treatment and also a duty to complete advance directives refusing life-prolonging treatment† (35). He holds this view when one’s illness would cause death and even when one would prefer to live. He backs up his argument by reminding us that our actions affect others, not just ourselves, and he believes that our duty to loved ones is greater than our own right to life. He believes that since medical care and treatment can be financially burdensome to our families, if the benefit to the dying is minor in comparison then there is a duty to die to relieve loved ones of this financial burden. Hardwig provides two compelling examples: the case of Captain Oates and the case of the 87-year-old woman with congestive heart failure. Captain Oates was a member of an expedition to the South Pole when he became too sick to continue on the mission. It became apparent that he would not be able to make the rest of the journey and that he also would not be capable of making the journey home. His team remained stationed with him, trying to bring him back to health even though they all knew he had basically no chance of survival. So, one night he left the tent and disappeared into a blizzard without saying a word to his crew. Was he morally obligated to die or were his teammates morally obligated to care for him? Cohn and Lynn would say that his crew had a duty to care for him, while Hardwig believes that he had a duty to die to save the lives of his team. I find both of these approaches too extreme. Hardwig at least says that it is always circumstantial when one can be morally obligated to die. However, this is where we differ because I strongly disagree with his word choice. â€Å"Obligated† is too severe of a term to apply when life and death are being discussed. It may be more morally correct to die when it one’s life becomes too cumbersome upon loved ones, but to be obligated to die contradicts the right to life. Saying that someone is morally obligated to die is prima facie, morally wrong. For the case of the 87-year-old woman with congestive heart failure, I would again say that it is more morally correct to be willing to die, but if the woman wanted to live no one had the right to tell her to die. The doctors told her she had less than a fifty percent chance to live for six more months. â€Å"She was lucid, assertive, and terrified of death,† summarizes Hardwig (37). The woman demanded the most aggressive treatment because she wanted to live, which she did for almost two years. Although her quality of life lessened through the incessant treatments, she still managed to survive. This sounds like a miracle until you learn that her one daughter was her only caregiver and provider. Hardwig says that her daughter lost â€Å"her savings, her home, her job, and her career† (37). I believe that it can generally be said that the daughter lost more than her mother would have if her mother had chosen to die rather than live for those two more years, but can it be definitively said that the mother had a duty to die? I do not believe so. No one forced the daughter to care for her mother- it was her choice. True, it may have been a greedy decision on the mothers’ behalf to ask her daughter to provide the finances necessary to prolong her life, but the daughter had every right to say that she did not have the means necessary to provide for her mother. I believe that the mother and daughter both made choices that cannot be determined to be morally obligatory. The mother took advantage of her daughters’ love and kindness, but it has not been taken into account whether or not the daughter was emotionally ready to lose her mother. Perhaps the daughter wanted to have her mother as long as she could. Although this may not for certain be the case, it also can not be said that the daughter was forced, or obligated, to provide for her mother. However Cohn and Lynn would disagree because they believe that, â€Å"the better social policy lies not in encouraging an obligation to die but in ensuring an obligation to care for the dying† (103). They confront Hardwig’s view of the emotional impact on the family. He admits that death impacts the entire family and not just the individual, but fails to account for the trauma and guilt felt by survivors even in the case of a â€Å"justifiable† suicide. Family members often have immense feelings of grief and guilt even if they understand the reasoning behind a suicide or if they knew it was coming. There may never be a sufficient classification for how to act in situations like these. Even if the daughter of the 87-year-old woman with congestive heart failure had decided not to fund her mothers’ treatment, she would almost certainly feel remorse after her mother was gone. People often take for granted time they have with loved ones, even if it is a few years. Had she not provided the money for her mother, she might have later realized that there is no price equivalent to a life. If her mother had been living in pain and had no sense of who she was and where she was then it might have been easier for her to say she would not fund the medications and treatments, in that case she would have had more peace of mind for saving her mother pain. However, as Hardwig stated, the woman was conscious of her surroundings and had normal functional abilities for her age, but most importantly she wanted to live. How can it be said that anyone has the right to take her right to life away from her? I do not believe that it can be. Everyone has different dynamics within their family and it is intrusive to say that someone’s’ family member is obligated to die simply to save the rest of their family money. By saying so, Hardwig borders on saying that life can be given a value with a dollar amount. Although he scarcely saves himself by stating that no general rule may be determined because every situation is different, I do not believe that there is any situation that would appropriate saying that any person is obligated to die, let alone a family member. I think that it is much easier said than done. It would be incredibly difficult to condemn a family member to death if they still had the capacity for life. After reviewing the opinions of Hardwig, Cohn and Lynn, I found my view in the middle (or completely outside all of their views depending on how you look at it.) I do not believe that there is a reason to say that a person is obligated to die no matter how sick or old they are. Everyone has the right to life and no one has the right to take that right away. Works Cited Cohn, Felicia, and Joanne Lynn. â€Å"A Duty to Care Revisited.† Ethics in Practice: An Anthology (2007): 103-13. Web. Hardwig, John. â€Å"Is There a Duty to Die.† The Hastings Center Report 2nd ser. 27 (1977): 34-42. JSTOR. Web.

Аlexаnder the Greаt

Born into royÐ °lty of King Philip II of MÐ °cedoniÐ ° Ð °nd OlympiÐ °s, dÐ °ughter of King Neoptolemus of Epirus, Ð lexÐ °nder wÐ °s educÐ °ted during his eÐ °rly teenÐ °ge yeÐ °rs by the Greek philosopher Ð ristotle (Stoneman 1). Ð lthough tutor Ð °nd pupil lÐ °ter differed on politicÐ °l mÐ °tters such Ð °s Ð lexÐ °nder's decision to downgrÐ °de the importÐ °nce of the city-stÐ °te, Ð ristotle performed his Ð °ssigned tÐ °sk of prepÐ °ring his young chÐ °rge for undertÐ °king cÐ °mpÐ °igns Ð °gÐ °inst the PersiÐ °n Empire Ð °s well Ð °s inculcÐ °ting in him Ð ° love of leÐ °rning so vitÐ °l to Hellenic (thÐ °t is, Greek) culture (O'Brien 27).In 340, Ð °t Ð °ge sixteen, Ð lexÐ °nder's formÐ °l trÐ °ining ended with his Ð °ppointment to Ð °dminister MÐ °cedoniÐ ° while Philip wÐ °s Ð °bsent on Ð ° cÐ °mpÐ °ign. Young Ð lexÐ °nder won his first bÐ °ttle Ð °gÐ °inst Ð ° force of ThrÐ °ciÐ °ns Ð °nd in 338 distin guished himself Ð °s commÐ °nder of the left wing during Philip's crushing victory over the combined Greek Ð °rmy Ð °t ChÐ °eroneÐ ° (Stoneman 17-18). Ð  breÐ °k with his fÐ °ther over the lÐ °tter's divorce Ð °nd remÐ °rriÐ °ge led Ð lexÐ °nder to flee with his mother to Epirus.Ð lthough fÐ °ther Ð °nd son reÐ °ffirmed their ties, Ð lexÐ °nder feÐ °red for his stÐ °tus Ð °s successor. Philip's Ð °ssÐ °ssinÐ °tion in 336, Ð °long with the Ð °rmy's support of Ð lexÐ °nder, eliminÐ °ted Ð °ll doubt of his kingship, Ð °nd he hÐ °d the Ð °ssÐ °ssins Ð °nd Ð °ll of his Ð °ppÐ °rent enemies executed (Stoneman 18-19). Ð t the Ð °ge of twenty, Ð lexÐ °nder proceeded to fulfill Philip's plÐ °nned Ð °ttÐ °ck on PersiÐ ° Ð °nd thereby to free Greeks living under PersiÐ °n rule in Ð siÐ ° Minor (Turkey). Soon, however, he determined to plÐ °ce himself on the throne of PersiÐ °.Ð nxious to represent Ð °ll Greece Ð °t the heÐ °d of Ð ° PÐ °nhellenic union, he first received the Ð °pprovÐ °l Ð °nd militÐ °ry support of the Greek LeÐ °gue Ð °t Corinth Ð °nd the endorsement of the orÐ °cle Ð °t Delphi Ð °s invincible. (The RomÐ °ns lÐ °ter cÐ °lled him â€Å"the GreÐ °t†) (O'Brien 30-31). In order to consolidÐ °te his reÐ °r guÐ °rd in Europe before crossing into Ð siÐ °, he spent the yeÐ °r 335 subduing restive peoples north Ð °nd west of MÐ °cedoniÐ ° Ð °nd crushing Ð °n Ð theniÐ °n-endorsed revolt of Thebes by tÐ °king Ð °nd rÐ °zing the city of Thebes, killing six thousÐ °nd Ð °nd selling the rest Ð °s slÐ °ves.His hÐ °rsh policy hÐ °d the desired effect of discourÐ °ging further Ð °ttempts by the Greeks to undermine his Ð °uthority. Ð lexÐ °nder therefore hÐ °d no need to punish Ð thens, center of Hellenic culture, source of the lÐ °rgest nÐ °vy Ð °vÐ °ilÐ °ble to him, Ð °nd vitÐ °l to the finÐ °nciÐ °l Ð °dministrÐ °tion of the territorie s he would conquer. Nevertheless, he remÐ °ined sufficiently suspicious of the Ð theniÐ °ns to decline employing their fleet Ð °gÐ °inst PersiÐ °. The only Greek city-stÐ °te openly disloyÐ °l to Ð lexÐ °nder wÐ °s SpÐ °rtÐ °, but it wÐ °s isolÐ °ted Ð °nd lÐ °ter brought into line by Ð lexÐ °nder's governor of Greece.Ð lexÐ °nder crossed the Hellespont (DÐ °rdÐ °nelles) into Ð siÐ ° Minor with his Ð °rmy of thirty-five thousÐ °nd MÐ °cedoniÐ °ns Ð °nd Greeks in the spring of 334 intent on humbling the PersiÐ °n Ð °rmy Ð °nd gÐ °ining spoils Ð °dequÐ °te to restore the strÐ °ined MÐ °cedoniÐ °n treÐ °sury. The Ð °rmy wÐ °s Ð ° superbly bÐ °lÐ °nced force of Ð °ll Ð °rms, bÐ °sed on the highly disciplined mÐ °neuvers of the MÐ °cedoniÐ °n phÐ °lÐ °nx Ð °nd cÐ °vÐ °lry. With its offensive wing on the right, the infÐ °ntry phÐ °lÐ °nxes would Ð °dvÐ °nce steÐ °dily, using their longer speÐ °rs Ð °nd supported by light -Ð °rmed Ð °rchers Ð °nd jÐ °velin throwers.ThÐ °t wÐ °s in reÐ °lity Ð ° holding force, however, for while it moved forwÐ °rd, the cÐ °vÐ °lry Ð °ttÐ °cked the enemy's flÐ °nk Ð °nd reÐ °r. If thÐ °t did not succeed, then the infÐ °ntry would institute Ð ° skillful fighting withdrÐ °wÐ °l to open Ð ° gÐ °p in the enemy's line Ð °nd to gÐ °in the higher ground. This difficult mÐ °neuver thus creÐ °ted Ð ° flÐ °nk, upon which Ð lexÐ °nder's men would then rush. The key to success wÐ °s timing, Ð °nd Ð lexÐ °nder's greÐ °t Ð °bility wÐ °s knowing where Ð °nd when to strike decisively. Then he pursued the retreÐ °ting enemy, who could not regroup.Ð lexÐ °nder's tÐ °cticÐ °l skills triumphed Ð °lmost immediÐ °tely when he met Ð °nd crushed Ð ° PersiÐ °n Ð °rmy Ð °t the river GrÐ °nicus, lÐ °rgely Ð °s Ð ° result of his reÐ °lizÐ °tion thÐ °t victory wÐ °s possible only Ð °fter Ð °n interceding river wÐ °s crossed (Heckel 6 8-69). No less Ð ° genius Ð °s Ð ° strÐ °tegist, Ð lexÐ °nder neutrÐ °lized the PersiÐ °n fleet by mÐ °rching down the coÐ °sts of the EÐ °stern MediterrÐ °neÐ °n, tÐ °king the enemy's seÐ °ports by lÐ °nd. To estÐ °blish himself Ð °s Ð ° liberÐ °tor, he deÐ °lt hÐ °rshly only with those cities which opposed his Ð °dvÐ °nce, Ð °nd he instÐ °lled Greek-style democrÐ °cies in those which yielded without Ð ° fight.Indeed, he retÐ °ined locÐ °l governors, customs, Ð °nd tÐ °xes, insisting only upon loyÐ °lty to himself insteÐ °d of to King DÐ °rius III of PersiÐ °. This politicÐ °l policy hÐ °d the Ð °dditionÐ °l logisticÐ °l benefit of mÐ °king Ð °vÐ °ilÐ °ble supplies cruciÐ °l to keeping his Ð °rmy in the field. To provide bÐ °lÐ °nced governments of occupÐ °tion, however, Ð °s Ð °t SÐ °rdis, he Ð °ppointed Ð ° MÐ °cedoniÐ °n governor with troops, Ð ° locÐ °l militiÐ ° officer Ð °s fortress commÐ °nder, Ð °nd Ð °n Ð t heniÐ °n overseer of monies.Ð lso, the fÐ °ct thÐ °t the Ð °rmy wÐ °s Ð °ccompÐ °nied by scientists, engineers, Ð °nd historiÐ °ns is evidence thÐ °t he plÐ °nned Ð ° long cÐ °mpÐ °ign to conquer Ð °ll PersiÐ ° Ð °nd to gÐ °ther new knowledge Ð °s inspired by Ð ristotle (Burn 12-14). The conquest of Ð siÐ ° Minor wÐ °s completed in the Ð °utumn of 333 when Ð lexÐ °nder crushed DÐ °rius' Ð °rmy Ð °t Issus on the SyriÐ °n frontier, then Ð °dvÐ °nced down the coÐ °st, receiving the submission of Ð °ll the PhoeniciÐ °n cities except Tyre. EnrÐ °ged by its defiÐ °nce, he besieged Tyre for seven months, building Ð ° long mole (cÐ °usewÐ °y) with siege towers Ð °nd finÐ °lly Ð °ssÐ °ulting the city in July, 332.Tyre suffered the sÐ °me fÐ °te Ð °s Thebes, Ð °nd the rest of the coÐ °st lÐ °y open to Ð lexÐ °nder, sÐ °ve for Ð ° two-month stÐ °ndoff Ð °t GÐ °zÐ °. Then Egypt welcomed him Ð °s Ð ° deliverer, whereupon he estÐ °blished the port city of Ð lexÐ °ndriÐ ° there. Returning to SyriÐ °, he Ð °dvÐ °nced into MesopotÐ °miÐ °, where he routed the GrÐ °nd Ð rmy of DÐ °rius Ð °t Ð rbelÐ ° (or GÐ °ugÐ °melÐ °) in mid-331 (Heckel 50). One yeÐ °r lÐ °ter, DÐ °rius wÐ °s killed by Ð ° rivÐ °l Ð °s Ð lexÐ °nder Ð °dvÐ °nced eÐ °stwÐ °rd, the sÐ °me yeÐ °r thÐ °t Ð lexÐ °nder burned down the PersiÐ °n royÐ °l pÐ °lÐ °ce Ð °t Persepolis (Heckel 55).Ð lexÐ °nder's vision of empire chÐ °nged from 331 to 330 to thÐ °t of Ð ° union of MÐ °cedoniÐ °ns Ð °nd PersiÐ °ns under his kingship. He begÐ °n to weÐ °r PersiÐ °n dress, mÐ °rried the first of two PersiÐ °n princesses Ð °fter conquering the eÐ °stern provinces in 328, Ð °nd lÐ °ter prevÐ °iled upon the MÐ °cedoniÐ °n troops to do the sÐ °me. Ð s his men increÐ °singly resisted such Ð °lien prÐ °ctices, Ð lexÐ °nder ordered the execution of some of the most vocÐ °l critics, notÐ °bl y his second in commÐ °nd, PÐ °rmenio, his lÐ °te fÐ °ther's intimÐ °te counselor, who wÐ °s the spokesmÐ °n for the older opponents of Ð °ssimilÐ °tion.In spite of such excesses, the Ð °rmy remÐ °ined loyÐ °l Ð °nd followed Ð lexÐ °nder into IndiÐ ° to his lÐ °st greÐ °t victory-one over locÐ °l rulers Ð °t the HydÐ °spes River in June, 326, using nÐ °tive troops Ð °nd methods, Ð °s well Ð °s elephÐ °nts (Heckel 79-80). Now his MÐ °cedoniÐ °n troops, however, tired Ð °nd homesick, refused to go on, Ð °nd he hÐ °d no choice but to end his offensive. His engineers thereupon built Ð ° fleet of more thÐ °n eight hundred vessels which ferried Ð °nd Ð °ccompÐ °nied the Ð °rmy downriver to the Indus, then to the IndiÐ °n OceÐ °n Ð °nd west Ð °gÐ °in to PersiÐ °.HeÐ °vy fighting, severe desert terrÐ °in, Ð °nd unfÐ °vorÐ °ble weÐ °ther inflicted much suffering Ð °nd heÐ °vy losses on his forces (Heckel 80-82). By the time he reÐ °ched Su sÐ °, Ð °dministrÐ °tive cÐ °pitÐ °l of the PersiÐ °n Empire, in 324, Ð lexÐ °nder hÐ °d indeed fÐ °shioned Ð ° sprÐ °wling empire. He hÐ °d estÐ °blished numerous cities beÐ °ring his nÐ °me Ð °nd hÐ °d infused Ð siÐ ° with the dynÐ °mic Hellenic culture which would influence the region for centuries to come. In Ð °ddition, he now Ð °ttempted greÐ °ter rÐ °ciÐ °l intermixing, which led to Ð °nother neÐ °r-complete breÐ °k with his fellow MÐ °cedoniÐ °ns.Ð lexÐ °nder, ever more megÐ °lomÐ °niÐ °cÐ °l, pronounced himself Ð ° god Ð °nd hÐ °d more of his subordinÐ °tes put to deÐ °th, usuÐ °lly during drunken sprees. These were so frequent in his lÐ °st seven yeÐ °rs thÐ °t there is every reÐ °son to believe he hÐ °d become Ð ° chronic Ð °lcoholic. Ð s Ð ° result of one binge Ð °t BÐ °bylon in 323, he becÐ °me ill Ð °nd died ten dÐ °ys lÐ °ter; he wÐ °s thirty-three yeÐ °rs old. His empire wÐ °s quickly divided Ð °mong h is successor generÐ °ls, who eliminÐ °ted his wives Ð °nd two children (Heckel 84-85).InculcÐ °ted by Ð ristotle with the superiority of high Greek culture, Ð lexÐ °nder the GreÐ °t undertook the politicÐ °l unificÐ °tion of the Greek world Ð °long PÐ °nhellenic lines, followed by its extension over the vÐ °st but internÐ °lly weÐ °k PersiÐ °n Empire. His tools were the superb MÐ °cedoniÐ °n Ð °rmy inherited from his fÐ °ther Ð °nd his own genius Ð °t commÐ °nd. Ð s one success followed Ð °nother, however, his horizons becÐ °me broÐ °der. He identified himself with the religion Ð °nd deities of eÐ °ch lÐ °nd he conquered, especiÐ °lly Egypt, Ð °nd ultimÐ °tely seems to hÐ °ve concluded thÐ °t it wÐ °s his destiny to merge most of the known world under common rule.ThÐ °t vision possibly included CÐ °rthÐ °ge Ð °nd the Western MediterrÐ °neÐ °n, though deÐ °th denied him further territoriÐ °l Ð °cquisitions (Burn 15-17). Ð lexÐ °nder' s shrewd Ð °dministrÐ °tive skills enÐ °bled him to succeed in the five mÐ °jor fÐ °cets of stÐ °tehood. In religion, he begÐ °n with the Greek pÐ °ntheon but then recognized Ð °ll fÐ °iths, with himself Ð °s the common godheÐ °d. Hellenic culture wÐ °s Ð °lso the intellectuÐ °l power which drove his sociÐ °l Ð °mbitions Ð °nd which prevÐ °iled in spite of his Ð °ttempts to Ð °mÐ °lgÐ °mÐ °te it with PersiÐ °n wÐ °ys, leÐ °ving Ð ° predominÐ °ntly Hellenistic world in his wÐ °ke.In the economic sphere, he followed the Greek prÐ °ctices of silver-bÐ °sed coinÐ °ge, which with PersiÐ °n gold brought Ð °bout common commerciÐ °l prÐ °ctices Ð °nd generÐ °l prosperity. Ð s one of the greÐ °test generÐ °ls in history, Ð lexÐ °nder obtÐ °ined victory with skillful tÐ °ctics, flexibility, Ð ° keen sense of logistics, Ð °nd superior leÐ °dership, followed by Ð °n effective system of gÐ °rrisons with divided commÐ °nds. His chÐ °rismÐ °t ic personÐ °lity Ð °nd vision combined Ð °ll these elements into the finÐ °l one-firm, dynÐ °mic, politicÐ °l rule.Once Ð lexÐ °nder pÐ °ssed from the scene, however, the system could not be sustÐ °ined. Nevertheless, his exÐ °mple of continentÐ °l empire contributed to the eventuÐ °l rise of the RomÐ °n Empire Ð °nd the expÐ °nsion of ChristiÐ °nity. Works Cited Burn, A. R. Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Empire. Macmillan, 1948. Heckel, Waldemar. The Wars of Alexander the Great, 336-323 B. C. Routledge, 2003. O'Brien, John Maxwell. Alexander the Great: The Invisible Enemy: A Biography. Routledge, 1994. Stoneman, Richard. Alexander the Great. Routledge, 2004.

Chemistry 208 All QUIZ Essay Example for Free (#208)

Chemistry 208 All QUIZ Essay The Scientific Method Step 1: Performing Experiments Step 2: Making Observations Step 3: Proposing a Hypothesis Step 4: Confirming the Hypothesis Step 5: Proposing a Scientific Law Scientific Notation It is a mathematical expression in which a number is expressed as N x 10^n where N contains only one nonzero digit to the left of the decimal and n is an integer. Rules for Determining Significant Figures (digits) -All nonzero digits are significant figures -Counting begins from the left with the first nonzero number -Zeros between nonzero digits are counted as sig. Figures -Terminal zeros (zeros to the right of the right of a number) are always significant if the value contains a decimal point. Ex: 2. 3700 g: 5 significant figures 17. 50 mL: 4 significant figures Rule 1- In calculations involving measured values (with a certain # of sig. figs), the number of sig figs in the final answer depends on the operation performed. Rule 2- In multiplication and division of measured quantities, the final answer contains the same number of sig figs as are in the measurement with the least number of sig figs. Rule 3- In the final answer of a calculation involving exact numbers, unit conversion factors and constants, the number of significant figures is dictated by the measured quantity involved. Density = Mass/ Volume Matter: The term matter is used to describe things that occupy space and are perceivable by our senses. It can be classifies in terms of its physical state or chemical composition. Elements: composed of one type of atom. Classified as a metal, nonmetal or metalloid. Compound: a combination of elements in a definite proportion. Atoms of each individual elements are chemically combined to form the compound. A chemical change can break down a compound into its individual elements. Mixture: a non-pure substance made of 2 or more elements or compounds that can be separated by physical procedures. Protons have a positive charge, found in the nucleus. Neutrons have no charge, found in the nucleus. Electrons have a negative charge. The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of its atoms. The mass number is equal to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom. To calculate the number of neutrons, subtract the atomic number from the mass number. Molecules are a combination of atoms in a definite proportion e. g. , molecule of water Ions are charged species formed by loss or gain of electron(s) from an atom. Loss of electron – cation (positively charged) Gain of electron – anion (negatively charged) Chemistry 208 All QUIZ. (2018, Oct 12).

Low Visibility Operations in Dubai Airport Dissertation

Low Visibility Operations in Dubai Airport - Dissertation Example In the case of Indira Gandhi International Airport, the Airport Technology (2010) reports that the foggy weather condition â€Å"causes visibility to drop below 50m, (CAT III C conditions) lasting approximately ten hours, thus affecting airport operations.† The situation of low visibility is no different in the Dubai Airport. One reason why the problem of low visibility has become a topical issue of late is the inconvenience low visibility operations cause airline operators and customers. Apart from the fact that low visibility is commonly associated with flight diversions and delays, The Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology (2011) laments on issues of safety and efficiency saying â€Å"Weather alone is a significant cause of aircraft accidents and a contributing cause in many accidents with other main causes.† Happily, low visibility in airports and in aircraft operation is a problem that can be tackled. The problem statement for this dissertation therefor e is the issue of low visibility operations in Dubai Airport and how the problem can be solved to reduce flight diversions and delays. ... These objectives have been termed ‘specific objectives’ and outlined below. Specific Objectives The researcher hopes to achieve the following specific objectives in a bid to achieve the ultimate aim, which is to reduce the chances of the flights diversions and delays departing flights during low visibility operations at the Dubai Airport. The objectives are: 1. To explain the impact and effect of bad weather on aviation services with specific reference to low visibility caused as a result of foggy weather conditions. 2. To critically examine the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) requirements for airlines and how these requirements help in the daily operation of aircrafts 3. To outline the effects of bad weather and low visibility on aircraft operations 4. To find out how airside operations can be improved at the Dubai Airport 5. To examine the works and duties of air traffic services including air traffic controllers, air traffic engineers and meteorologis ts and how these duties impact on airline services. 6. To critically evaluate the training and qualification program of airport staff and how these training and qualification programs can be improved to better future airline operations. 7. To find workable strategies and models for equipping airports for low visibility operations Justification of the Research The United Arab Emirates is one of the World’s busiest air travel destinations. Specifically, Dubai is known to house a good number of people who travel to the emirate for trade and tourism purposes (Ankoma, 2010, p.18). This makes the Dubai Airport of the busiest Airports in the world. According to the Dubai Airport Media Centre (2011), â€Å"Aviation began in Dubai in 1937 when the first Imperial Airways

The Clash of the Titans. Soviet-American rivalry Essay

The Clash of the Titans. Soviet-American rivalry - Essay Example Post World War II at the Yalta conference, Stalin, Churchill, and Truman agree to divide Germany into zones of military occupation in which the Soviets possessed the East Germany while the Americans would take control of West Germany Grant 4. On March 1948, a secret meeting between the United States, Great Britain and France took place where the three nations agreed that democracy was the best solution for Berlin Grant 8. The Soviets shocked by this conspiracy withdrew from the Allied Council and blockaded the city of Berlin, which cut all the supplies to West Berlin Grant 8. The tension of this situation can be best described by Winston Churchill, the leader of the Great Britain describes this division in his famous speech where he states, â€Å"†¦An iron curtain has descended across the continent†¦Behind that line... all are subject†¦I do not believe that Soviet Russia desires war. What they desire is the fruits of war and the indefinite expansion of their power and doctrines.† Grant 6. The â€Å"Berlin blockade† was a blessing in disguise for the United States, who quickly reacted by conducting airlift operations. The â€Å"Berlin airlift† showed the supremacy of American flight dominance and gave hope to citizens of Berlin, who feared that the West would abandon them 26. Finally, the Soviets ended the blockade and the West had won the first epic â€Å"battle.† The blockade was essentially a slap in the face, who failed to contain democracy at its best . Yet, the conflict was not over and the race for nuclear arms intensified the battle for the â€Å"survival of the fittest.†

Human Ecology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human Ecology - Essay Example According to various studies undertaken regarding food consumption within the U.S, approximately a third of the total calories are obtained through junk foods (Adams, 2004). This can be associated with the elevated cases of obesity among the U.S populace. Conversely, LDC for instance Haiti depend on indigenous diets that often offer diverse nutrients thus providing balanced calories for the populace. However, the diets that LDCs obtain have little animal-related food sources, although the small amounts meet biochemical demands (Molnar & Iva, 2000). In return, the populace has managed to maintain proper health, thus reducing cases of diseases for instance obesity within its populace. Diets often vary with reference to regions with rural diets being healthful matched with urban diets. Urban diets are deprived since families depend on junk foods while rural families take up traditional diets that are considered superior. Though wealthy communities have most options regarding their diets; they often misuse these options and opt to take up the least nutritious meals or take up excessively. The diets vary with regard to economic capabilities, lifestyles and regional preferences. Diseases have an impact both at individual and societal levels since certain diseases may be communicable. Additionally, once a disease affects an individual, the society suffers since it cannot obtain the services that the individual offers within the community or other economical contributions. Therefore, diseases affect both the individuals together with the community that this individual serves. Currently, inadequate water supply has hit most regions across the globe threatening to trigger disease outbreaks commonly related to sanitation. These diseases may include cholera that has profound impacts on individuals together with the populace. Additionally, numerous disease

5 Stages of Team Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

5 Stages of Team Development - Essay Example The roles of each team are express and the leader has to marshal the team to meet the requirements of a strong team. I encountered the importance of having a strong team in my school when I had to come up with a group for a debate held in class. We were informed in advance and students were asked to make their choices based on what they felt was appropriate for increased chances of winning. To do this, I had to look for students with a common agenda and a basic understanding of the topic in discussion. The process of forming the group was challenging because people have no responsibilities outlined yet (Macionis and John, 2010). This also was a session where we have to know each other and appreciate each other’s skills as we planned on what to do after the initial stage. The process was interesting and I enjoyed knowing my friends better. While trying to fit in, the struggles experienced by groups that area still trying to fit in are noticeable, and that made it difficult to control some of the students. There were factions within the same group that wanted to take over the responsibilities while others wanted to maintain the status quo (Macionis and John, 2010). The storming stage was quite hectic and it almost broke the group apart. However, we were able to come to terms with the issues that were contentious and came up with a way of ensuring everyone was satisfied. The norming stage was characterized by the harmonization of our skills that made it easier to understand the issues taking place in the group and the best way of enhancing mutual support towards our common goal. We all wanted to win the debate, and the only way of doing this was first harmonizing the group and entrenching certain rules that would see us sharpen our skills and arguments. Developing a good team would see the next stage being more producti ve. The group’s performance was pegged

Transformational Leadership Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Transformational Leadership - Article Example Thus, the leader plays the crucial role of ensuring that people take action that is in sync with the objectives and goals of the group. Leadership is a social phenomenon. As such, there are elements of leader-follower relationships that are mainly subjective in nature and are influenced by individual personality and the philosophical outline of the group (Nozick, 2010 p27). Due to this, the definition of leadership in itself is not quite clear. Gallos defines leadership as â€Å"a complex social process, rooted in the values, skills, knowledge and ways of thinking of both leaders and followers† (p18, 2008). This definition therefore means that leadership is influenced by some variables that influence the relationship between leaders and followers. However, there has been debates in academia and practice about how leadership can and must be construed (Stevenson, 2004 p2). Leadership can be seen as a transaction through which the leader gets to instruct and force his followers to attain the objectives of the group. In this sense, leadership is seen as a transactional event. A transactional event is â€Å"an activity or event whereby a group of people need some form of direction to attain a clearly identified goal† (Paulsen, 2010 p17). In the concept of transactional leadership, followers are required to attain stated ends and the leader is there to ensure that. This means that a formal relationship exists between a transactional leader and his followers. This relationship does not extend beyond the confines of attaining the objectives at hand. On the other hand, several contemporary writers like Bass and Burns have put forward the concept of transformational leadership. Transformational leadership seems to encompass some social aspects which enhances the relationship between leaders and followers outside the normal scope of work or organizational goals. This paper examines the concept of transformational leadership. It begins by identifying the default position of leadership in organizations, which is transactional leadership. From that point, the paper goes on to evaluate the role of transformational leadership as an improvement and replacement of transactional leadership. The paper also focuses on elements of t ransformational leadership and examines some important aspects of this type of leadership. Transactional-Event, Leadership and Authority Max Weber stated that there are three sources of authority and these sources of authority puts a person in a leadership position in a transactional event (Walonick, 1993). Weber's three sources of authority are patriarchal/traditional, rational/legal and/or charismatic/informal. Patriarchal leadership results from historical activities which gives individuals and families certain social status. Thus, people who acquire leadership through patriarchal authorities are mainly people whose births and families have some inherent power or rights of leadership which are transferred to them through inherently. On the other hand, rational/legal authority comes about because a person is legally accepted to have acquired the necessary education, qualifications/certification and relevant experience to fill a given position (Kalinowski, 2005). Such a position of authority is legally recognized by the laws of the land. Charismatic authority comes about as a result of certain informal qualities that renders an individual more powerful in a group. This power, when exercised gives the individual some kind of authority. In exercising authority, a leader could see the followers as a means to an end or an end in itself (Grint, 2002). The approach used, makes the leader either

A city (ISTANBUL) that has been continuously inhabited for hundreds of Essay

A city (ISTANBUL) that has been continuously inhabited for hundreds of years - Essay Example The city covers more than five thousand three hundred square kilometres and is coterminous with the Istanbul province whose administrative capital is the city itself neighbouring Bosporus strait in the northwest. The establishment of Istanbul occurred as a Greek colony known as Byzantium in the seventh century BC then in AD 196, it fell to the Roman Republic up to 330 when it became the capital of the Roman Empire and renamed Constantinople (Spielvogel, 2012). In the later antiquity, Constantinople grew to become the biggest in the western hemisphere with almost half a million inhabitants and was the headquarters of the Eastern Roman Empire referred to as Byzantine Empire which came to an end with the Muslim conquest after which it became Ottoman Empire’s capital. There has been a decline in population in the medieval era, but as the Ottoman Empire was approaching its peak, the population of the city rose to about seven hundred thousand inhabitants in the sixteenth century which was second only to Beijing and surpassed only by London later in the eighteenth century (Lafferty, 2009). With the founding of the republic of Turkey in 1923, the headquarters were moved to Ankara from Constantinople and from the thirties, the native title Istanbul has been the only official name of the city and has replaced Constantinople. Istanbul’s public transport can be traced back to mid-1869 when a contract was signed to construct a tram in Ottoman Empire’s capital and by the 1950s, the tram lines were almost one hundred and thirty kilometres long. The trams remained serviceable on the European side up to 1961 and on the Asian section up to 1966. O the other hand, the ferry can be considered as the oldest transportation means in Istanbul, which has to parts split by the Bosporus strait and encircled by the sea. In 1837, boats that belonged to Britain and Russia began transport in the Bosporus with the Istanbul maritime company being started in 1851 through a decree of

Local community improvement proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Local community improvement proposal - Essay Example People have different views to improve the local community, but all of these views must be in accordance to the need of the community in order to achieve some improvement to the community. In this proposal will outline key factors will better the development of a local area. Factors that will improve the development of a local area Improvement of security in the local area One needs to know that environment upon which a person live plays a prominent role in determine the development of a local community; it may be in terms of security or safety. An environment that is of security yields a good platform upon which development can take place. When there is peace within a society, citizens become confident to invest in the area hence bringing services and good at the door step. Therefore, it is necessary to establish proper security in a local area to enable investors to have the courage to invest in a local area. In addition, studies reveals that a secured area develops at a faster rat e compared to areas with less security; where secured environment offers a rich environment upon one can build talents; enables one to set their future. Hence security plays a prominent role in setting platform for development to take place (Dickens Ronald 16). Improvement of communication in the local area. There should exist a good communication among the citizens; agreement in terms of communication of ideas determines the development of an area. With reliable communication, one can be able to get new ideas about different business opportunity or improve his thinking about certain business issues. Good communication will always provide citizen of a local area with a variety of information upon which they can pick new ideas (Campfen 17). Increase employment opportunity in the local area Employment plays a prominent role in improving the local community; with employment, one will be able to earn money which can be used to purchase facilities to improve the community. Studies reveal that seventy percent of successful communities in the world are those of employed people. Therefore, employment of local citizens is a channel to development of a community. In addition, employment encourages the establishment in relation to specialization; employment provides an individual with experience which can attribute to improvement. Thurs, to improve local community, it is necessary to provide the community with employment. This will ensure the is income to put in investments and also nurtures one’s with experiences upon which development of the community can take place at a faster rate. To put more emphasis on the same, studies reveal the employment is a key factor for improvement of the community; about sixty three percentage of development of an area occurs due to employment (Swanepoel & Frik 187). Improvement of infrastructures Infrastructures such as roads networks and communication needs to be improved order to linkage between the local community and the entir e country at large. Well established road networks can improve the development of local area in essence that it increases the links of a local area and key towns. Business owners in the local area will need to transport goods and services, with well established roads network a business owner can be able to bring good and service to the local area with ease. Thurs, to improve a local community, one needs to improve the infrastructure that links the local community and the rest community (Dickens Ronald 22).. Ensure proper distribution of resources in the location Distribution of resources in a local area determines it improvement; poor allocation of resources distribution will determine the access to the recourse in a local; this implies when a resource is distributed well. The community can easily

The two stories Essay Example for Free

The two stories Essay In Of Mice and Men lennie is a fully developed character compared to Isaac, this is why you dont really know Isaac as well but with lennie you can relate to lennie and what he goes through. The ostler is a short story so Isaacss character isnt well developed. Lennie and Isaac are both treated like outsiders by various people, I think that lennie is more accepted in society than Isaac due to people feeling sorry for lennie, they dont believe he could cause any trouble and they believe he is just like a child. Lennie relies on people to tell him whats wrong and whats right. Leninie is just a child in a grown- ups body. Isaac I think is seen more as an outsider he doesnt go out, he spends most of the time with his mother so he doesnt really have time to go out and make friends. The only real friend he has got is his mother Mrs scratchard. Rebecca is just false and wants to kill Isaac just like in his dream. In mice of men, towards the end of the story, lennies s little puppy dies because lennie was playing to rough with it why did you have to go and get killed, you aint so small as mice, I didnt bounce you hard Lennie doesnt realise what hes done he only thinks that now hes done something bad George wont let him tend the rabbits. While lennie is sitting there crying, Curleys wife comes in she said, What you got their sunny boy lennie denies he has got anything, but Curleys wife discovers the puppy. Lennie wont talk to Curleys wife, George has told him to keep away because all she will cause is trouble and shes dangerous. In the end lennie ends up talking to curleys wife and lennie starts saying that he likes stroking soft things and curleys wife lets him stroke her hair, but lennie starts to get rougher and wont stop and curleys wife starts to panic, Let Go. You let go But when lennie ignores he curleys wife begins to scream and as she does this lennie gets angry so he started shaking her and then Her body flopped like a fish lennie runs away and tries to find the place where George told him to hide if he was ever to get into trouble again. Curley and everyone find Curleys wife and go after lennie to kill him. George goes after him as well. George finds lennie first, lennie wants to hear about the rabbits, so George tells lennie to turn around and look at the fields and image what it would be like, as George tells the story lennie brings out a gun and shoots lennie in the head. George does this himself because he doesnt want anyone else killing lennie, he would rather kill him himself, and also after someone else shooting candys dog, candy wishes he shoot him himself. In the ostler Isaac doesnt believe his mum, Mrs scratchard, about the dream. But after she died she warned Isaac not to go back. Isaac does go back through and after arguing with Rebecca he hits her Rebecca replies No man has ever struck me twice and then she left saying they will see each other no more. But on the seventh night before his birthday she come back, to rein act the dream, but as Isaac new what would happen he knew where she hide the knife, he took the knife and left her there and went away. Now Isaac lives in fear of Rebecca, he sleeps most nights well, through the year, but every time around his birthday he is worried in case she comes back and tries to rein act the dream again. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Steinbeck section.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay Example for Free

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay In his book, ‘post-traumatic stress disorder source book’, Schiraldi, Glenn identifies three major causes of post-traumatic stress disorder. These are, â€Å"intentional Human causes (the most difficult to recover from), unintentional Human causes and the acts of Nature (least complex and can be resolved quickly)† (Schiraldi, 2000: pg.4). The intentional human causes include those traumatic events that are intentionally caused or triggered by humans. These events include war, rape, physical torture, robbery with violence, use of bombs and explosions, killing someone, kidnapping and holding others hostage. Unintentional human causes involve those traumatic events that occur accidentally. These include car accidents, plane crash, collapse of a building, fire and exposure to nuclear reactants. There are also post-traumatic stress disorders that are caused by events of nature. These natural catastrophes are always more severe and disastrous. It includes earthquakes, flood, drought, outbreak of certain diseases, hurricanes and occurrence of volcanic activities. Other cause that may trigger post-traumatic stress disorder involves the changes in the normal biochemical rate in the brain which results to a condition known as Neuroendocrinology. Apart from this condition, morphological changes in the brain have also been identified as another cause of post-traumatic stress disorder. Various studies have shown that the existence of amygdale in the brain usually result to the development of emotional flashbacks. These flashbacks are mainly those related to worry and horror. Genetics have also been identified as another cause leading to post-traumatic stress disorder. Various studies in genetics have shown that some characteristics that are possessed by a parent who is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder are sometimes passed on to the children. These characteristics that are usually passed to the children include violence and aggressiveness. Signs and symptoms: The signs and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder usually manifest itself within three to four months following the trauma. In other cases, these symptoms might last for a year or even several years. The symptoms in most cases manifest in various ways as discussed below. 1) Recurring memories: Memories and experiences of the real traumatic event usually re-emerge in form of dreams, images and thoughts. The re-emergence of these memories is usually unexpected and the victim usually undergoes difficult moment since the memories are so hard to bear. Such memories in most cases inflict feelings of fear to the victim, anger and also guilt. In his book, Schiraldi Glenn provides an example to this scenario by stating that, â€Å"a survivor of a Russian prisoner-of –war camp often daydreams, absorbed in unpleasant memories and out of touch with his surroundings. A number of cues can trigger this re-experience, including thin soup, walking in the woods, Russian music, a harsh rebuke by a supervisor, or any unpleasant confrontation. Sometimes there is no apparent connection to the thoughts or feelings that are replayed,† (Schiraldi, 2000: pg 7). Recurring memories usually manifest in terms of nightmares. These nightmares in most cases reflect the accurate traumatic events or almost similar events as those of the real trauma. Most individuals who experience nightmares in most cases do not get enough sleep as they are being interrupted by the imaginations. Recurring memories can also manifest in terms of flash backs. Flash backs makes an individual feel as if the real traumatic events are being revived and can influence the behavior and the feelings of an individual. 2) Arousal: Post-traumatic stress disorder is also characterized by over reaction of an individual to any event that seems to cause panic. The victims’ reaction becomes spontaneous due to the sensitivity of the nervous system as a result of destructive traumatic events. The reaction of an individual to even smaller interruptions is as spontaneous as the bigger ones. As a result of arousal, an individual usually develops difficulties in falling asleep, lacks concentration, becomes short tempered, overcautious, develops fear to the recurrence of the same event, becomes over expectant to disasters and overprotective. 3) Avoidance or numbing: Because the thoughts of traumatic events are very painful to most of the victims, most people suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder usually look for various ways of avoiding the reminders to such events. In most cases, they avoid talking about it while in other instances they restrict their minds from thinking about such events. Most of the victims therefore end up staying indoors to avoid coming in contact to reminders of the tragic events. 4) The normal routine of an individual is disrupted: One losses interest in his/her future ambitions due to too much cautiousness and the avoidance of exploring different avenues and mingling with other people to gain more knowledge. Victims of post-traumatic stress disorder are therefore in most cases locked in their own world. Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: Treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder is mainly aimed at relieving symptoms because there is no treatment that can completely wipe out the post-traumatic stress disorder. Treatment can therefore be achieved by use of two methods. These include use of drugs and non-drug treatment methods. Non-drug treatments involve the following; a) Cognitive therapy: It is believed that different ways of thinking can lead to various mental disorders including the post-traumatic stress disorder. Therefore, during the cognitive therapy, the patient is advised on various thinking patterns and how to avoid false perceptions and thoughts. They are also thought on the importance of thinking positively and constructively. At the end of every session, each and every patient is given an assignment to go and try it out at home (http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain). b) Eye movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: This treatment usually involves therapist asking the patient to think about any traumatic occurrence. As the patient is thinking about the event, the therapist moves his/her fingers so that the patient can follow it with his/her eyes (Schmeltzer Bhagar, 2007). It is not clear how this treatment works but after a couple of therapy session, most of the patients are no longer worried by the thoughts of the event. c) Individual Help: This involves all the individuals having the same signs coming up together. The patients can then share their experiences and learn from one another on the possible ways of overcoming the trauma. Medication treatment: a) Antidepressant drugs: These drugs are in real sense used in the treatment of depression but it has also been found out to suppress the post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. They usually work by blocking the chemicals in the brain that lead to the development of the symptoms. These drugs usually take two to four weeks or even months before their results can be noticed. b) Benzodiazepines: These drugs are used for short term mainly to reduce the chances of an individual not falling asleep and also to get rid of those symptoms leading to sleep interruptions. The problem with this drug is that they are not effective if taken for a longer period of time. The patient is supposed to use it within two to three weeks (Rose Armstrong 1997). Prevention: Post-traumatic stress can be prevented by employing the following measures; 1) Debriefing: This technique is usually employed to soldiers after war and also to those victims that underwent through events of natural catastrophes (Schmeltzer Bhagar, 2007). It mainly involves victims exchanging feelings and thoughts about the tragic event. 2) Immediate therapy: Studies have shown that incase an individual is provided with therapy within the first two weeks of trauma, the chances of individual developing long term post-traumatic stress disorder is drastically reduced. 3) Taking short medication drugs: Drugs such as benzodiazepine when taken by the victim immediately, the chances of him/her developing long-term symptoms is also reduced. Conclusion: Though most of the victims of post-traumatic stress take long to experience the symptoms; it is very crucial that an individual who is suffering from trauma seek for help immediately. The treatment that the victim is able to obtain will be very useful as it will suppress the long term symptoms from re-emerging. Victims of trauma that usually don’t get treatment can be completely crippled by the post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Some victims may feel guilt of surviving a tragic event or not providing enough assistance to those who perished. These may negatively affect on the normalcy of an individual.

Audience Studies in Media

Audience Studies in Media The study of the audience has been very important in the media studies, since the power of the media in relation to the media audience could form how the society would work, what the public opinion would be and what political ideals would dominate. That is why the relationship of the audience and the media has been studies by scholars and academics since a very long time ago, leading to many theories about the subject to be developed and to a certain debate between the conceptualizations of the media audience. This essays aims to give a brief explanation of what the audience is, why it should be studied and then critically compare two conceptualisations of the media audience, the passive and the active one. The comparing will be done by presenting each theory’s main thesis and comparing them by analysing specific studies and approaches that were conducted to support each theory. Any group of people who are gathered in the same place and act as observers or spectators of something are considered an audience (Media and Communications course, Lecture 6: Media Audiences/lecture slides). Audience has existed since ancient times, particularly in Ancient Greece where people gathered in town centres to discuss about community problems. What we nowadays refer to as a media audience has been developed through the years as a result of industrialization, technological developments and several changes in people’s everyday lives. When people started to massively move from villages to industrialised cities, a mass society began to develop so it also became important that this new form of audience had to be studied in relation to the media of its time. What influence the media had on the audience, how the audience used the media in their everyday lives and how the media industry could attract more audience for their own profit (Williams,2003, McCullagh,2002) The main views on the mass society or mass audience research, that first appeared in the 1920s-1930s (McCullagh, 2002) were that the audience was consisted of a large public of consumers of mainstream media texts who were influenced by the rapid changes in society, the unstable family ties due to urbanization and the anonymity of the crowds (McCullagh, 2002), thus they became a vulnerable mass of ‘isolated and defenceless individuals’ (Williams, 2003). This situation positioned the media in a place where it could easily manipulate the unsuspected audience. That is why the media were used by authoritarian governments, like Hitler’s Nazi Party, for propaganda purposes. They would pass on their ideologies, usually political ones, and the audience would believe them without questioning. People were so passive that they would easily believe anything they would hear on the radio or read in a newspaper. Probably the most famous incident that proves this was the public pa nic that occurred in Los Angeles, when a radio broadcast of a science-fiction book called War of the Worlds was aired in 1938 (McCullagh, 2002). When people heard the broadcast they actually believed that a Martian invasion was happening and some of them tried to escape and save themselves. This incident is a great example of the Hypodermic Needle Theory that existed at the time. This theory parallelises the media as a needle that injects a message straight into the passive audience, which is immediately affected by it (Croteu, Hoynes,1997) and like drug-users lose their control and judgement once they are injected with drugs, so does the audience lose its critical judgement when injected with ideas and beliefs by the media (McCullagh, 2002). As the years passed by though and even more technological developments were invented, like film and television, researchers started to question the traditional effects research of the mass society. New studies and experiments on how the audience interprets media texts resulted to several researchers to conclude that the audience is not passive and vulnerable but instead is an active and differentiated audience consisted of groups or individuals and not masses. This new theory, the Active Audience theory concentrated on how audience interprets and makes meaning of media texts based on several factors, such as gender, age, social background, education, ideals, beliefs or family position (Williams, 2003, McCullagh, 2002). As McCullagh put it ‘media audiences are consisted of different individuals who turn to the media to gratify their needs’ (2002). Gradually new theories were developed that replaced the Hypodermic Needle theory and made it antiquated. Stuart Hall developed the Encoding/Decoding theory in 1973, with which he questioned the traditional effects theory and concentrated more on how ‘the content of media texts is encoded ideologically by the audience’ (Williams, 2003). He suggested that media producers encoded what appeared to be a ‘preferred meaning’ in media messages and then the audience was supposed to understand and decode it (Williams, 2003), thus making the relationship between media and audience more like a collaboration or an interplay. As it was obvious though a media text could not be decoded the same way by everyone, due to people’s differences in several aspects, so he concluded that there were three kinds of decoding a media message: the dominant, the negotiated and the oppositional (Williams, 2003, McCullagh, 2002, Deveraux, 2003). As Williams puts it ‘this model emphasises the interaction between the audience and texts as well as the social context within which such interaction happens ’ (2003). The development of the new theories, not surprisingly, led to debates between the active audience theorists and the traditional effects theorists. The new theory of Uses and Gratifications was an approach to understand how and why people use the media to satisfy certain needs (McCullagh, 2002). In comparison with the Hypodermic Needle theory, the Uses and Gratifications not only does not ignore people’s free will, personality and cultural background (The New Audience Research in Media Studies, http://www.le.ac.uk/oerresources/media/ms7500/mod1unit6/page_02.htm, 05/01/2015), it considers them to be active with the power to choose what media they consume. The audience ‘use programme content for purposes other than what might be predicted from their content’ (McCullagh, 2002), which leads to media producers or industries to compete with each other over who will offer the best way for the users’ needs to be gratified. In that way the audience is definitely not considered a passive one which completely accepts the media’s intended message, as the Hypodermic Needle theory suggested. Nevertheless, the debate between the active audience and the traditional effects theorists still goes on, with some of the researchers arguing that the new active audience approaches are ‘too behaviourist and functionalist’ (McQuail, 2010) and that their conclusions lead to an elimination of media power, which was considered essential for ‘shaping the knowledge, understandings and beliefs of the audience’ (Williams, 2003). Also, Kitzinger(1999) wondered whether the audience’s resistance on media messages, as a form of resistance to the status quo, should be praised, since that way people would also easily reject good messages provided by the media, such as safe sex advertisements or campaigns against violence. Even though audience is not considered a mass of ‘couch potatoes’ (Williams, 2003) anymore, whether we are aware of it or not, we all have some certain beliefs and ideals that have been somehow shaped by different types of media, such as the idea of the perfect body that is being advertised today by several model agencies or women magazines. But that does not mean that people do not have the intelligence to make decisions for themselves about what to believe (Williams, 2003). Despite the on-going criticism by the traditional effects theorists, the new audience researchers developed new methods of studying the audience, which focused more on the qualitative rather than the quantitative approach (Williams, 2003). These methods, referred to as the ethnographic turn in media studies, concentrated more on how people were involved with the media and the research was done mostly with participant observation techniques. Unlike the traditional effects research that used surveys o r questionnaires, researchers spent time with the people they were investigating observing their experiences with the media (Williams, 2003). However, there has been criticism on this approach too. Ruddock (2001), for example noted that ‘ethnography requires participants to make personal feelings public. As a result there is a considerable tendency towards self-censorship’, implying that the conclusions resulting from ethnographic research could not possibly present the real truth from the audiences’ perspective. He also questioned how the research questions could be generated in a way that they would respect the natural world of the audience and be appropriate with the field of study in general (Ruddock, 2001). Even though there are many theories that support each thesis, the debate between the traditional effects studies and the active audience theory has been intense and is still on-going (McCullagh, 2002, Williams, 2003). If we were to think about which conceptualisation would best represent today’s society and people, I would say that the active theories concerning this study, including the Uses and Gratifications and the Encoding/Decoding model, position the audience in an active place, where not only it is not exploited by the media, it can even have power over it. Media producers take people’s preferences into consideration so they can produce what would satisfy their audience more (Williams, 2003, McCullagh, 2002, Deveraux, 2003, McQuail, 2010). And since there are arguments that suppose that media takes over people’s lives thus making them ‘couch potatoes’ in another sense of the term (Williams, 2003) the rebuttal would be that nowadays the audienc e knows what it wants in a way that the different types of media work as e ‘menu’ for them to choose from, in order to satisfy their needs to escape their daily routines, educate themselves or even interact socially (Williams, 2003, McCullagh, 2002). Always based on their individual needs and preferences, which is closer to our modern and liberal society. To sum things up, it is now obvious that the study of the audience has been a big chapter in the book of media studies, with many scholars and academics finding themselves engaging with this study. That explains all the experiments, studies and research that have been conducted on the subject, since it concentrates on two different types of audience, which in relation to the media could easily shape the way our society would work. Whether the media would dominate over the audience or the other way around. Since the debate of the subject is still on-going and the opinions diverge, the answer of which model would be the best cannot be absolute. Maybe a combination of the two could function well in the future, but until then the active audience theory seems to be the one closest to our society’s standards nowadays.

The Flogging Of Jesus :: essays research papers

John 18:39- but it is your custom for me to release to you one prisoner at the time of the Passover. Do you want me to release `the king of the Jews'?"King of Jews- He's not the king of the Jews, He's slapping them in the face.The same thing Jesus was being accused of Barnabbas did.JN 19:1 Then Pilate took Jesus and had him flogged. [2] The soldiers twisted together a crown of thorns and put it on his head. They clothed him in a purple robe [3] and went up to him again and again, saying, "Hail, king of the Jews!" And they struck him in the face.Then Pilate took Jesus and had him flogged.This is your Messiah people, this is not VBS, or bible study, this is the Messiah that is in love with you.MT 27:27 Then the governor's soldiers took Jesus into the Praetorium and gathered the whole company of soldiers around him. [28] They stripped him and put a scarlet robe on him, [29] and then twisted together a crown of thorns and set it on his head. They put a staff in his right hand and knelt in front of him and mocked him. "Hail, king of the Jews!" they said. [30] They spit on him, and took the staff and struck him on the head again and again. [31] After they had mocked him, they took off the robe and put his own clothes on him. Then they led him away to crucify him.Flogging- basically they tied his hands and tied him against a pole. And his buttocks were shown to the audience. He is completely and totally naked. They have the whip of the 'cat of nine tails'. It has bones and steel balls in it. The bones are put in so that, when he is whipped the bones will stay in his body. And they will rip it back and rip his skin apart. He's been awake for over 24 hours. And now he's standing there, as the steel balls hit him and start hammering away at his bones. And as they rip it back there is blood and skin flying all over his body. His bones start sticking out of his chest and his back. As they continue to hit him†¦ 1, 2, 3,†¦ 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 times. Each time they hit Him and bring it back the bones from the whip continue to rip His skin apart.

The Effects of Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto on Human Values Essay

The Effects of Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto on Human Values What was it like living in the times before the Communist Manifesto was introduced to society? What kind of affect did this document have on the values of the average family? How did it influence the values of the individual? Sometimes these values where affected in a way that does not come directly from the release of the Manifesto but instead vicariously through other events brought on by the document. Overall, an interesting topic to look at is what it meant to be human in the 1840’s. France is representative of European nations at that time. Through France, the effects of the Communist Manifesto on human values are evident. In order to understand how people lived before the year 1848, in which Karl Marx wrote the Communist Manifesto, it is important to know a little about the history of France. In the years of the French Revolution, the citizens began to think differently about their lives and the quality of them. They started to look at other countries, America for example, and saw how people there seemed to have more rights and freedoms then those in France. The people decided that they deserved better and became interested in the ideas of â€Å"liberty and equality, of popular sovereignty and national self-determination, social mobility, mass literacy, and citizen armies.†1 These ideas were revolutionary to the people living in France at that time. The values of the human people in France changed mainly because they found themselves thinking that they deserved more in terms of respect from the government, better education, and equality amongst themselves. Revolts by the common people in the year 1848 showed how the people viewed themselves and t... ...eliefs in how this situation could be improved. Although the effects did not happen right away, some people realized, after reading this document, that this might be a good way to improve their lives and their human values. Notes Guy S. Metraux and Francois Crouzet, The Nineteenth Century World (New York: The American Library, 1963), 44. Ashley, Roscoe Lewis, Modern European Civilization (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1922), 271. Ashley, 271. Study Guide For the Communist Manifesto, 23, October 2001, www.wsu.edu:8080/~brains/hum_303/manifesto.html. Study Guide, 23, October 2001.Study Guide, 23, October 2001. Study Guide, 23, October 2001. Study Guide, 23, October 2001. Study Guide, 23, October 2001. Ashley, 259. Ashley, 259. Ashley, 259. Ashley, 260. Ashley, 260. Ashley, 260. Ashley, 261.

Canadas Federal Government :: essays research papers

Canada, like most western countries, uses a democratic approach to forming the federal government. Political parties are elected through voting from the citizens of Canada. Although the idea of voting does not seem like a very difficult task, the forming of Canada’s federal government is very tedious, in which many steps must be taken. In the next few paragraphs I will talk about how Canada’s Federal government is formed, while also putting in a few thoughts of my own with our system. First of all, you have your main political parties, each with a somewhat different ideology. An example would be the New Democratic Party (NDP) who have more of a socialists idea of how Canada should work. During an election campaign, the people of each constituency (population district) vote for the political party that they think bests benefits Canada’s economy, but mostly, what benefits their own economic status and ideological opinion. Important issues like Health Care and the Environment are a good reasons people vote for certain parties as well. Depending on the number of ridings won by each party, a majority or minority party is elected. A majority government is pretty much when a party wins by a margin of at least fifty percent plus one. This happens when, no matter what, other parties cannot out vote them, even if all the other parties add up their votes together, the sum will still be less than the Majority party’s sum of votes. A minority government is when the sum of unelected parties can still out weigh the government party in charge. This also means that if the elected party wanted to pass an act, etc. they would need support from the opposition. When this happens, good luck passing any laws, since parties rarely help one another unless a compromise is made or if it would make their party look better. Winning representatives from each constituency are chosen and can be from any party that won in its constituency. The total representatives then will be the same number as the constituencies, 279 representatives, 279 constituencies. However, that party that is elected as a whole and has the most representatives in the parliament then forms the Cabinet. The Cabinet is made from the representatives of the elected party and is when approximately 30 to 40 ministers are chosen to take the control of a ministry, fisheries, forestry, etc.

Explain How the Understanding of Peace Is Expressed Through the Sacred Texts in 2 Religious Traditions Essay

By looking into their sacred texts and teachings on peace, we can gain a valuable insight into how these religions explain peace. The teaching of peace is central to Christianity. They use the sacred text of the bible, mostly the New Testament with emphasis on the Gospels as the source for teachings on peace. The New Testament states peace as a virtue and identifies it as a key element of God. Christians use Jesus’ example to illustrate the ideal model for peace in their lives. This model allows for adherents to understand the peace of God through the gift of the Holy Spirit and peace in relationships whereby Christians are expected to work in harmony with others in order to achieve peace As well as this the teaching on war and peace â€Å"love your neighbour as yourself. †(Matthew) and the teaching on peace and justice are both exemplified by Pope John XXIII’s notion that there can only be peace if there is justice. The Christian teaching on peace revolves around the covenant relationship between the adherent and God. This peace is given by Christ and is shown in the sacred texts of the New Testament â€Å"My peace I leave with you,† and is described as â€Å"one of the fruits with the spirit. †(Galatians). Jesus tells his followers that â€Å"in me you may have peace,† (John) suggesting that the concept of spiritual peace is embodied in the teachings of Jesus Christ. The importance of peace is clear in the Beatitudes were Jesus stated â€Å"blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God†. Christians believe that through baptism they have been called to follow Jesus’ as their model in life. By following his example, Christians acquire peace by obeying the commands of Jesus and therefore the principle teachings of Christianity â€Å"You must love your neighbour as you love yourself. † The bible states that Christians can achieve peace through the specific teaching of Jesus to forgive those who have wronged you. â€Å"If he wrongs you†¦you must forgive him. † (Luke). Forgiveness and compassion is at the heart of the Bibles message. Further to this, Christians can achieve peace through their practice of individual and communal prayer. The Christian biblical view on peace is one that demonstrates the idea that they should work for it. Through the beatitudes, Christians are encouraged to be the peacemakers in society. â€Å"Blessed are the peacemakers for they will be called the children of God. † Further to this, Christians believe in the sanctity of life through the covenant of the 10 commandments which state â€Å"Thou shall not kill. † Peace is work of justice and the effect of charity. In the case of conflict, Christians resort to the idea of violence being a last resort and refer to the Just War theory in order to determine whether conflict is applicable. The bible teaches adherents to promote peace on an international level, aiming to work for peace, justice and reconciliation. Islam like Christianity was a religion founded on the virtue of peace. Islam is referred to in the Qur’an as â€Å"the paths of peace† and it is taught that peace must always be actively sought out by Muslims. The Qur’an sees reconciliation as a basic stance and states that Allah abhors the disturbance of peace. Muslims too believe that there can only be peace if there is justice. In Islam, peace takes a variety of forms. It is seen as a quality of personal tranquillity and fulfilment bestowed by Allah to reward submission. This surrender of mental and physical devotion begins with the concept of Dhikr, the remembrance of Allah in all aspects of Muslim life. The Qur’an states that â€Å"In remembrance of God do hearts fins satisfaction. † This concept is embodied by the 5 pillars of Islam. Through the Salat, attention is drawn to Allah, marginalising distraction in order to devote more fully to the divine. Sawm and Zakat illustrate physical sacrifices for Islam which allows the adherent to appreciate Allah’s role as of life. The Hajj focuses on morality by allowing the adherent o come closer to Allah in their individual search of inner peace. Along with this, the study of the sacred texts of Islam, the Qur’an and Hadith equips adherents with necessary theological understanding for a meaningful life of submission which in turn brings peace. This study allows Muslims to understand peace being a reward for following the teachings of Allah and his prophet Mohammad. Peace be upon you because you have persevered. † Another concept of achieving peace is through collective worship. It encourages commitment in the struggle against the greater Jihad. Like Christianity, Islam encourages adherents to strive for peace. Both typify the complex relationship between religion and peace. The standard greeting to another person in Arabic is â€Å"As-Salamu-Alaykum (Peace be with you) † (Qur’an), which encourages Muslims to â€Å"Promote peace among men. † (Sura). There are various organisations in Islam that promote peace. E. g. The Islamic Conference which promotes world peace and safeguards the interest of the Muslim world. The understanding of peace throughout both Christianity and Islam has been influenced by their sacred texts. It is ultimately through the interpretation of these texts that adherents learn the values of peace. They all demonstrate that peace is not merely the absence of conflict, but is also a complex intertwined system of teachings and that there are various avenues to achieving the ideal state of peace.

Economic Globalization: an Unstoppable Force Essay

Economic sphericization has been occurring since the Hellenistic progress (323 BC) that it is since the industrial revolution, particularly from the middle 1800s, that trade mingled with countries has had a famed increase.Today, however, there appears to be a parabolic rise due to the advent of breeding technology which enables the transmission of partake ind friendship, abroad ownership, and concern transactions to be performed with exponential speed between businesses, citizens, denizens, and governments. not lone(prenominal) is mass sphericalization inevitable but it is already occurring with the increased use of new(a) computer and telecommunications tools, and the sharing of k straightawayledge between organized groups and regular citizens who right away hold back instant access to each otherwise universal.There are sev seasonl index fingers as to why entropy technology and nightclubs thirst for training provide increase economic globalization.1. It is because of information technology and how society uses them that businesses themselves are starting time to bring success by moving aside from a proprietary culture to an vindicated-source or mass collaboration system. This is a major shift from the closed-door policies and stratified systems that ensured their livelihood in the pre genial media era where information was kept secret. Business models that open them to new ideas shared by an online companionship base tolerate often offer them access to a intumescentr share in the global market. Society has been changing the way business is done by demanding transparency and inclusion in the extremity and by providing greater payoffs for the business as a result.An example is the friendship Goldcorp (TSEG). cod Tapscott (author of Macro Wikinomics) writes that Goldcorp, an obscure sm exclusively-cap company in trouble with debt and unable to shed developing a new tap site, did the unimaginable in the mining industry. I t bring prohibited its new digging location on its website and then invited ideas as to where would be the ideal place to dig within the large property.The Goldcorp Challenge made $575,000 in accolade money available. There were entries from graduate students, management consultants, mathematicians, military officers, and a virtual phalanx of geologists. More than 1,000 virtual prospectors from 50 countries got crabby.source 1More than 80 percent of ideas yielded substantial quantities of gold. This catapulted an underperforming $100 cardinal company into a $9 one thousand thousand juggernaut. source 1Not only did online mass collaboration serve them reduce expensive exploration cost but it would have given the small-cap company visibility to a fieldwide global investor base.2. Developing countries are now major world players on the stage of economic globalization, and it is possible they may accompany developed countries in future(a) tense in terms of world trade. In mark for developed nations to be competitive they pass on need to understand, utilize, and know how to collaborate utilise the knowledge available to them through information technology and society. CNBC journalist Albert Bozzo has written an condition on developing countries and their impress.Emerging markets now account for about 40% of world trade, almost double what they did in 1995, check to the IMF, and more and more are introduction the world stage. ascendent 23. The stats express for themselves. International trade figures provide a look at the growth of economic globalization from a time when information technology first took hold (about 1980) up until 2007. According to the International Monetary pedigree (IMF) economic globalization has grown substantially. amongst 1980 and 2007, the ratio of goods and services trade to global GDP has risen from about 42 to 62 percentSource 3 alien ownership by individual(a) and institutional investors clearly shows the impact that an information society has had on individuals who seek knowledge outside their country. It is a clear indicator that economic globalization is on the rise.Foreign direct investment has risen from several(prenominal) six to 32 percent between 1980 2007.Source 3An argument against globalization is the global financial meltdown that began with the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy in 2008 that became a contagion to all financial institutions and countries that had dealings with these institutions. It has rippled down to protests throughout Europe. And this leads me to the 2nd question of whether social neat will increase or strike given our society of sharing information. hearty CAPITAL WILL ONLY step-upIf mass economic globalization is seeming to continue then social crownwork will certainly rise in our information society as a result of the surge in numbers pool of large groups of people who buns effectively use the internet to gather unneurotic to protest, strategically r ally, and disseminate information to the world. An payoff to IT is the speed within which the message preempt be carried. These large group of gatherers can affect and may very substantially define a corporations or governments future ethical policies because their voices makes corporations transparent whether they want to be or not.This is especially true in South America, the Middle East, north Africa, and conglutination America where there is a amply proportion of unfledged unemployed people. In North America the echo boomers (1982-1995) are even larger (representing 33 percent of the population) than the baby boomers.Source 4 collectively they will become the digital multiplication where their voices will be heard on mass, on-line, and immediately. According to Don Tapscott employment has been a key turn off for youth.In the UK untested people aged 16 to 24 account for about 40% of all unemployed. In Spain more than 40% of materialisation people are unemployed. We said that if they worked hard, stayed out of trouble, and attended school, they would have a lucky and fulfilling life. And then we rub salt in the wound by saying were in a jobless retrieval.Source 5A gritty proportion of unemployed youth are well educated and when you consider that they can be heard simultaneously via portable devices and computers using cloud platforms like facebook, youtube, twitter, and blogs you energize a glimpse as to the impact they will have on how business may be conducted in the future and how employment for their generation will potential change. In Egypt and Tunisia the lack of employment for young people was a key issue as was the corruption of their governments, and it was transmitted by them using information technology.This is only the beginning of change to the worlds social capital as globalization increases.

Notes How Steinbeck develops the character of Curly’s wife Essay

Notes for controlled assessment Examine how Steinbeck develops the ca delectation of Curlys wife. INTRO. Develops by with(p flushedicate) different themes and emotions through book. Introduced through males eyes negatively. Gives lecturer impression she is comfortable and dangerous. Tart, jailbait, rotter. First appearance in book describes her as flirtatious/temptress. As book progresses the views on the division change from initial perception. Tries to exert some designer in the hierarchal structure on the scatter (Crooks). Above entirely is crying out for circumspection and company, forlornness seals fate.Themes in order 1. No flesh/negative image. 2. Attractiveness/attention. 3. loneliness. 4. Tragedy/victim/women in mid-thirties. 1. Introduced to the reader through the eyes/opinions of the males. Quote. Not at one time mentioned to have a name. Defined by her relationship, non an individual. No certain have in minding, existence no current identity. Disrespec tful. Echos how women were treated in 1930s hierarchy (explain). No opinions/rights on matters couldve led to feelings of loneliness and victim of discrimination. Quote. Is above Crooks & uses that power. Quote. Sausages. Quote.Fashionable but exposit unattractive & negative. The way in which she talks. Quote. Portrayed as weak & delicate. Powerless. 2. Young. Probably doesnt intentionally mean to come across as a tramp or tart. Bored, has nobody to talk to. Her sexuality, provocativeness & the way she portrays herself as a temptress leaves her considered dangerous. Attractiveness is her weapon, no use as no one likes her. Wears red. Quote. Red nails. Brazenness. Reminds reader of Weed & foreshadows things to come (death). In red when introduced and red when killed. Change of description at death.Quote. Sweet, young and innocence. Uses it for attention. Gets the aggrieve kind of attention. All because of loneliness. 3. From the start Steinbeck uses irony. Soledad/Spanish/solitude. Loneliness, closing off & seclusion how she feels. Quote. Wants company, lonely, doesnt receive love and adhesion she needs/a young girl would want. Doesnt understand why nobody will articulate with her. Quote. Only female on the ranch. Demonstrates inner feelings, reader sympathises. Quote. In the end finally confides in someone, Lennie, leads to death. 4. Loneliness leads to her tragic death.Possible foreshadowing of death through loneliness- explain. Nobody will talk but and so when Lennie does it results in her death Quote in a way putting her out of misery. Introduced as a girl quote no powerful posture from start, girl gives impression of vulnerability. Surrounded by all males/only female on ranch. Death that of tragedy as she tells of bright future promised quote matte betrayed by family to then settle with Curly. Women had no real career opportunities, heartbroken to end up a housewife like the rest, trying to live the American Dream had hope and very nearly independe nce. CONC

Succubus Revealed Chapter 21

You would recoer the early moments of my fresh spirit, with a head, would be wizardly and enjoyful. Mostly, they conscion sufficient stand.Ow. non classa the afore verbalise(prenominal)(p) with emerge ever blend ining recovering, eh, grimaceer?I squinted into Hughs grinningning view. He s similarlyd in social invest the sackment of a abundant window, spike permit lighten into glaring radiance. twist my head, I slow valuateed the spurup man of my surroundings, victorious in the familiar subscribe tos of a infirmary agency. I was craft on a bed, an IV in my arm, coterminous to whatsoeverwhat beeping machines with illegible readtaboos.I glanced masking at Hugh. asshole you scrawny the curtains? Or move to the separate(a) positioning of me?He turn verboten the curtains part modality, yet depot the room lit tho no darkness immense to eye-searing levels. breach?Yeah. thanks. I shifted slightly, arduous to assess my clays injuries. t present was affectionateness in my ribs, a tonicity of closeness when I breathed. weaken of that was from whatsoever hurt theyd uphold and the clock egress was from the bandages tightly pluck up round my torso. each the f completely apart to institutionalize me from devising amours worse, I supposed. How . . . how massive grant I been in present? pertly-fangled evets were compose benevolent of a blur. In nearly ways, the effort entangle ilk it had chance seconds ago. stock- pacify it as thoroughly as had the surrealistic fictional character of several(prenominal)thing that had occurred hold up century. It was disfranchised to wrap my genius around.Well, cable carve up Hugh, your personifys been hither(predicate) for around four more or less years. You on the other mint . . . oh, you came s fuck offside to us more than(prenominal) or less devil mean solar twenty-four hours convictions ago.You could split up? I give tongue t o.His grin grew wry. You go eruptside(a) what I do for a living. When you were in brilliance, you didnt endure a individual.I didnt cod a sense in front then, I read/write headed out. I mean, technic eithery it be ampleed to booby hatch, ripe(p)?Yes, al ane yet if you dont receive it, you simmer crush sustain it. You gitt head for the hills or experience without it. Our psyches ar corresponding . . . oh, I dont k straightway. Its large- intellectedred theyre shut in in amber. Theyre in that location, and I rump rule them inner(a) us. Theyre estimable inaccessible, in a way thats distinguishable from tender-hearteds. When you were g oneness, you had cipher. not flat a label brain. in that respect was proficient mannequin of a . . . snuff it the picture sin indoors you speckle you b in solelyad here.I shivered, not givenness the image. And this winking?And now? Hughs plaque softened, winning on a tonus of wonder that Id neer in the first place seen on the commonly crabbed and sneering imp. Oh, sweetie. When you came natural covering, I was here . . . and it was similar . . . fuck, I dont annoy. Im wonderful at similes. It was wish thoroughly the sun, subsequently an eclipse. You consider thats gleaming? He nodded toward the window. Thats nothing. You subscribe your soul sand, un readyened and unlaced . . . and its amazing. Its beautiful, so beautiful. Ive never seen whatsoeverthing standardized it.Is it . . . is it impair? I mean, Ive through with(p) things . . .You in advance(p)ise it back glazed and new. Thats in clause 13.2.1. Its a sign of how self-as for sealedd Hell is active never having to give souls back. Dont worry, he added. A nuts grin had started to broadcast over my face. level mangle the restitution up slew obtain a a a few(prenominal)(prenominal) screwups. Youll turn over your soul in in no clip. Its homogeneous a car. Loses its lever when you o blige it collide with the parcel out. entirely hopefully not to the equivalent gradation as out front, I muttered. A new, panicked horizon came to me. I was passably cock certain of the answer, unless I had to ask. And my bole? Which one is it?The same Georgina we tout ensemble notice and passion. at that place be overly stipulations virtually that, for succubi freed of their crusades. It would get mussy big(p) you back your lord remains and reckoning out what to do with you as furthest as perspective and term. So, youre hardly reinstated with your soul into w hatredver body and location you were last in. He pa utilise. Im fairly plastered its never happened to either succuba ahead.Thank morality I wasnt in the kind of body chromatic was when Jerome was referenceed, I remarked. She had been corroding a truly fearsome shape, provided since we were all manage from our powers until Jeromes hiatusoration, shed been stuck in it. Although, to be ho nest, if it meant having my proclaim soul, I wouldve interpreted that body. I wouldve interpreted my passkey body. I wouldve taken whatsoeverthing. The somatogenetic furnishing were nothing.Carter gave us a recap, Hugh give tongue to. He move his head, smiling. I behindt commit you gambled on some(prenominal) signals. I wouldve dally wrap up with the sure thing.I couldnt, I express, opinion back to the change surfacets of the courtroom. so far if he hates me, I couldnt fierceness solidifying. I couldnt suck enjoyed the rest of my life, shrewd he was damned.He doesnt hate you. hardly he I know, I know. Hugh wouldnt let me finish. I know what he read, exactly he was solace in the throes of tickerbreak from that louse up hypnosis. That was too more for anyone to handle. Carter uttered to him when you got back explained what happened.My heart lurched. Was that a cheeseparing or stinky thing? I was runner to suck in some glimpse of practiced how inves ted Carter had been in my locating (and circles), and had the backer sincerely been able to remediate e genuinelything so intimately?Did . . . did Carter channelise readinesss mind close me or something ?Hugh shrugged. I dont entail he call for to. If things hadnt panned out standardised they had that night with the car I deem you and Seth wouldve had a very provoke conversation. I regard hed started to buzz off around. Its why he was there.No, I tell, disbelieving.I talked to him, sweetie. Do you really cogitate all that love could defy bonny been impel away so comfortably? And he was here, you know. He was by your bedside until . . . well, yesterday, actually. thus he had to cede for his encumbrance.His tour . . . I faintheartedly remembered Andrea mentioning that, how it had perish a contingency with her recovery. verbalise of Andrea . . . if my contract was off the table, Hell would founder no soil to shroud messing with her. She could be g o away in recreation to better on her own. He went yesterday?somewhere on the eastern hemisphere Coast, verbalize Hugh. Im sure you kitty go out it on his tissue site. You were the one who endlessly encourage him to update it, later on all.I smiled at that, idea of how averse Seth had been roughly the digital age. I gestured vaguely at my prone body. probably save as well that hes gone(a). I rent to heal up. peradventure . . . by chance well talk when hes back.Hugh eyed me, staying silent.What? I demanded.Hes liberation to be gone deuce calendar weeks, said Hugh. That a good deal I know. You sure you indigence to face that tenacious?Ive counted a pine time al gain, I pointed out dryly. exactly my point. Look, I dont ready any delusions close to my soul. I do my superior and am subject matter with fate. except if I were you? If I had my soul and the emf for a new life? Fuck, Georgina. Id go later Seth, wheresoever he is, the instant I could walk out of my bed. Youre earthborn now. Its uncomplicated to wait a elfin longer when youve got all of eternity on the line. You dont anymore. Youve emaciated the time you cod contend Hells games, quibble back and ahead with Seth and who hes been. extirpate it. Go to him, as short as you can, and narrow down this.You voice want roman letters. As briefly as I said his name, a trillion memories came crashing down on me. Oh my God. roman letters. I cant desire what he did.I know, said Hugh sadly. Carter told us that too. wherefore would he do that? I asked, knowing Id never fuddle a okay answer. Oh Lord, Hugh. I left over(p) him there. I throw out him.You did no such thing, scolded Hugh. You had no choice in it. And its not standardized he was conned or tricked. He knew for a long time he precious to do this. aft(prenominal) we filed the petition, he cook me incessantly virtually contract detail and Hells judicial procedures. He precious to do this. He fain for it. He was vindicatory wait for the chance.I squeezed my eyeball shut, agoraphobic I would cry, as I remembered him defend me in Hell. A vague memory came to me, the night before the game. . . . Roman had had something to tell me plainly had held off. And when Id floated supra my body, mediocre before Id coloured away, Carter had said he had to go get Roman. Theyd plan on all of this. Roman had cognise what was fortuity and had been ready to depart. Hugh was reform. Roman had precious this.That didnt polish off it any easier.I overt my eyes. What do I do?Hughs face was kind as he regarded me. Dont read Romans resign be in vain. He cute you to be happy. So go be happy, sweetie. Go to Seth. both reception I readiness fabricate was break off when a cling to came and observe I was conscious. She scolded Hugh for not get her and went to summon the doctor. Hugh gave me a docile look as she did. It was a carryover from macrocosm immortal, when I wouldve vulca nized so fast that we could easily set down modern medicines assistance. The doctor, a fortysomething cleaning lady named Dr. Addison, briefly appe atomic number 18d and performed a few previous tests on me, as well as prominent me the sum constitutional on my condition.When she was finished, I asked, How long do you bring forward Ill be here?If everything progresses standardized it should? she mused. Id say you can be execute in iii more days. And youre handout to shake to take it slack. terce more days, I restate mournfully. cosmos mankind was exhalation to take some getting used to. As a succubus, I wouldve healed from this in xxiv hours. at that place wouldnt view as even been any fetching it easy by and byward.Dr. Addison scoffed at my dismay. Honestly, later on getting fix handle you did, a week total here isnt drab at all. You took some abominable hits, but really, this couldve been a lot worse.When she and the give left, I power saw Hugh exa mine his phone. What are you looking for at?Seths schedule. In trine days, hell be in St. Louis.Hmm, I said.In four, hell be in San Francisco.Thats close, I said. Relatively.Itd give you an especial(a) day in there to recover, said Hugh.An especial(a) day, huh? I teased. What happened to not withering away a bingle day as a mortal?My point near not wasting time still stands, said Hugh. He grinned. simply even I can be realistic. carry the extra day. You desire it for the logistics of travel, if nothing else. precisely not a whizz day more. accomplish out and withstand life, huh?If youre up for it.I view approximately his words, melodic theme just about Seth. I nodded, not caring whether hopping on a monotonic right after organism dismissed was crazy. I was human now. gruesome was in the undertaking description.Im up for it, I said. earmark me a career to San Francisco.Hughs concern was on his phone again. Sweetie, I already am.